Bruno Pontecorvo was not included in these Nobel prizes since he died in 1993.Įarly attempts to explain the discrepancy proposed that the models of the Sun were wrong, i.e. The Nobel Committee for Physics, however, erred in mentioning neutrino oscillations in regard to the SNO-Experiment: for the high-energy solar neutrinos observed in that experiment, it is not neutrino oscillations, but the Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect. In recognition of the firm evidence provided by the 19 experiments "for neutrino oscillation", Takaaki Kajita from the Super-Kamiokande Observatory and Arthur McDonald from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) were awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize for Physics. In 2002, Ray Davis and Masatoshi Koshiba won part of the Nobel Prize in Physics for experimental work which found the number of solar neutrinos to be around a third of the number predicted by the standard solar model. The model gives a detailed account of the Sun's internal operation. The expected number of solar neutrinos was computed using the standard solar model, which Bahcall had helped establish. Many subsequent radiochemical and water Cherenkov detectors confirmed the deficit, including the Kamioka Observatory and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. The experiment used a chlorine-based detector.
Bahcall's Homestake Experiment was the first to measure the flux of neutrinos from the Sun and detect a deficit. The neutrinos travel from the Sun's core to Earth without any appreciable absorption by the Sun's outer layers. This energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation, as gamma rays, as well as in the form of the kinetic energy of both the charged particles and the neutrinos. The Sun performs nuclear fusion via the proton–proton chain reaction, which converts four protons into alpha particles, neutrinos, positrons, and energy. In 20, a total of four researchers related to some of these detectors were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. Several neutrino detectors aiming at different flavors, energies, and traveled distance contributed to our present knowledge of neutrinos. That allows a neutrino produced as a pure electron neutrino to change during propagation into a mixture of electron, muon and tau neutrinos, with a reduced probability of being detected by a detector sensitive to only electron neutrinos. Today it is accepted that the neutrinos produced in the Sun are not massless particles as predicted by the Standard Model but rather mixed quantum states made up of defined- mass eigenstates in different ( complex) proportions. They first pointed at the solar model for adjustment, which was ruled out. However, they hesitated to accept it for various reasons, including the fact that it required a modification of the accepted Standard Model. Particle physicists knew that a mechanism, discussed back in 1957 by Bruno Pontecorvo, could explain the deficit in electron neutrinos. In various experiments, the number deficit was between one half and two thirds. When neutrino detectors became sensitive enough to measure the flow of electron neutrinos from the Sun, the number detected was much lower than predicted. Of the three types ( flavors) of neutrinos known in the Standard Model of particle physics, the Sun produces only electron neutrinos. They are nevertheless hard to detect, because they interact very weakly with matter, traversing the whole Earth as light does a thin layer of air. The flux of neutrinos at Earth is several tens of billions per square centimetre per second, mostly from the Sun's core. The discrepancy was first observed in the mid-1960s and was resolved around 2002.
The solar neutrino problem concerned a large discrepancy between the flux of solar neutrinos as predicted from the Sun's luminosity and as measured directly. Issue in astrophysics regarding discrepancy between the Sun's luminosity and neutrinos
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